Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (Dutch: Luchthaven Schiphol) (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the Netherlands'  main international airport, located 9.1 km (5.6 miles) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. 

The airport's official English name, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reflects the original Dutch word order (Luchthaven Schiphol). 

The airport used to have the IATA code of SPL, which has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by AMS

The airport is the primary hub for KLM as well as for Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair (freight), and Transavia. 

The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines and as a base for Vueling. Schiphol is considered to be an Airport City.

The biggest and busiest airport in the Netherlands is Schiphol Airport just 14km outside Amsterdam. It is also one of the major European 

airport transit hubs efficiently handling over 40 million business and tourist passengers per year. The Dutch national airline, KLM, 

is based there and is the largest airline group in the world. Over 100 other airlines fly into Schiphol too, among them over twenty budget 

airlines offering cheap flights from many European countries.

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (airport code AMS) is located just 14 kilometers southwest of this capital city. Schiphol Airport has one terminal, 

which is divided into six piers (B through G) extending out from a central plaza. From Schiphol passengers can hop a 20-minute Direct Rail Link 

train to Amsterdam's Centraal Station and then connect to trains traveling throughout the Netherlands and into Germany and Belgium. From canals to coffee, 

Amsterdam is a relaxing city with few cars because the residents either walk or ride bikes. Strolling can be an outdoor activity along the tree-lined streets 

or indoor at one of the city's many famous art museums. Schiphol Airport is a destination unto itself because of its open-air promenade and observation deck 

on top of the terminal building and the mini-Rijksmuseum featuring a permanent collection of the 17th Century Dutch Masters located on Holland Boulevard, 

between Piers E and F.

Amsterdam Airport facilities 

Schiphol Airport has three terminals, all located in a single passenger terminal building, making it very convenient for passengers to navigate. 

Efficient signposting in text and symbols guides passengers from the moment they enter the terminal, and ground staff are generally extremely courteous. 

There are many special facilities for disabled travellers, and transportation can be requested to help cover the large distances to the departure gate. 

Air travel involves a lot of waiting, but there is plenty to keep you busy. As well as shopping, choose from restaurants serving everything from burgers to sushi. 

There are two Holland Casino venues, and communication centres in departure lounges one and two, as well as wi-fi in several locations. You can find the childrens’ 

play areas located between gates E and F. The staff at Schiphol Airport try to make travel as stress fee as possible; here we’ve compiled more useful tips and 

advice to help your journey to or from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport run smoothly.

Amsterdam Airport arrival

As Schiphol Airport is so close to the city centre, there are several ways to get quickly from the Airport into Amsterdam. On leaving the 

baggage reclaim area, you enter Schiphol Plaza, and you can follow the sign posts to find the trains, taxis, shuttle buses and car rental. 

Train is the cheapest and perhaps the most convenient. They run 24 hours a day and take about 15 minutes. Train tickets can be bought at 

ticket counters or the yellow ticket vending machines in Schiphol Plaza. Taxis are located in the rank just outside Schiphol Plaza. Some 

hotels provide their own free airport shuttle bus, but there is also the Conexxion Hotel shuttle bus that services 100 city hotels. 

It runs between 6.00a.m. and 21.00 p.m. All the major car rental companies have offices in Schiphol Plaza. You can chose from Avis, 

Budget, Europcar, Hertz, National Alamo and Sixt. We partner with Dutch Business Limousine, offering you a convenient and luxurious 

way to get to your destination for a very reasonable price. You can book the transfer service via this site.

Amsterdam Airport departure

Leaving the Netherlands will be fairly stress free. The excellent transport infrastructure means that Schiphol Airport is within easy 

reach of not only the city of Amsterdam but also practically the whole of the country. Again the train service is the most convenient, 

but taxi drivers always ask which airline you are flying with to ensure they drop you off at the correct departure gate, the shuttle buses 

run very frequently, and the car hire drop off points are close to the Airport terminal. Security checks at Schiphol Airport are strict however 

so remember to allow the time for those too.

Amsterdam Airport parking 

There are both long and short term parking facilities at Schiphol Airport. If you are dropping off departing passengers you can use the free drop off 

zone in front of the terminal. When going on a holiday break, the cheap open-air long-stay car parks provide a free shuttle bus service to the departure halls. 

The short-stay car parking close to the terminal building is the most expensive. Parking fees can be paid in cash, by credit card or special payment cards.

Amsterdam Airport duty free shopping 

Schiphol Airport’s duty free shopping facilities are among the best in the world. Once you reach the departure lounges, you will have time to browse at your 

leisure for not only perfumes, liquor and tobacco but souvenirs, cosmetics, fashion, jewellery, books and newest technological gadgets. Prices are very reasonable too, 

with regular special offers and discounts.

Amsterdam Airport for visitors 

Schiphol is not just an international airport; it can be classed as a tourist attraction all by itself. If you are there to meet an arriving passenger take the time 

to explore the Schiphol Plaza. This commercial centre is open seven days a week and offers a great shopping experience, as well plenty of food and beverage outlets. 

There is also a huge open-air observation deck on top of the passenger terminal building with fantastic views of this busy airport. You can even visit the national 

aviation museum Aviodome signposted on the approach to the airport. In cooperation with the Rijksmuseum there is an art gallery displaying the masterpieces at the airport.

Location:

Amsterdam NL 

Latitude / Longitude:

52.30907 / 4.763385

Airport Code:

FlightStats code: AMS

IATA code: AMS

ICAO code: EHAM

FAA code: 

Airport AMS, Schiphol Airport Code, Schiphol Netherlands, Amsterdam Airport Information, Amsterdam International Airport, citizenM Schiphol Amsterdam Airport, Flights to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Car-Rental Amsterdam Schiphol Airport

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Nonfiction » Career Guides » Transportation

By Shekhar Gupta
Rating: Not yet rated. 
Published: July 13, 2013 
Words: 26,240 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301650040






https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/336260

Incheon International Airport

Incheon International Airport 

IATA: ICN, ICAO: RKSI

It is the largest airport in South Korea, the primary airport serving the Seoul National Capital Area, and one of the largest and busiest airports in the world. For seven years in a row (2005–2012), it was rated the best airport worldwide by Airports Council International. The airport has a golf course, spa, private sleeping rooms, ice skating rink, a casino, indoor gardens and a Museum of Korean Culture. 

Airport authorities claim that average departure and arrival takes only 19 (60 minutes world-wide industry average) and 12 minutes (45 minutes) respectively, significantly lower than the rest of the world, making it one of the fastest airports in the world for customs processing. Its duty-free shopping mall has been rated the world's best for three years in a row in 2012 by Business Traveler.

Located 48 km (30 mi) west of Seoul, the capital and largest city of South Korea, Incheon International Airport is the main hub for Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, Jeju Air and Polar Air Cargo. The airport serves as a hub for international civilian air transportation and cargo traffic in East Asia. Incheon International Airport is also currently Asia's eighth busiest airport in terms of passengers, the world's fourth busiest airport by cargo traffic, and the world's eighth busiest airport in terms of international passengers in 2010. In 2011, 35,062,376 passengers used the airport.

The airport opened for business in early 2001, replacing the older Gimpo International Airport, which now serves mostly domestic destinations plus shuttle flights to alternate airports in China, Japan, and Taiwan.

Control tower

Incheon Airport – Traffic Centre

Located at the center of the airport, the 22 story Control Tower is 100.4 metres (329 ft) tall and is illuminated 24 hours a day. On its highest floor is located a parabolic antenna that is used by the Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) to detect all airplanes and obstacles within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of the tower. The upper floors are used by ground and tower controllers while the lower floors are mostly for support operations. The control tower has a total area of 179 square meters making it the 3rd largest in the world as of 2001.

Runways

There are three parallel paved asphalt runways in operation, 

15R/33L, 15L/33R and 16/34. 

Runway 15R/33L and 15L/33R are each 3,750 metres (12,300 ft) long, 60 metres (200 ft) wide, and 1.05 metres (3 ft 5 in) thick. 

Runway 16/34 is 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) long. 

Runway 15R/33L is used mostly for departures while runway 15L/33R is used mostly for arrivals. 

This is evident from the amount of rubber present on each runway; runway 15L/33R has more rubber on it due to the higher number of landings. 

A third parallel runway (16/34), 4,000 meters long, began operation in June 2008. Landing and takeoffs of most passenger flights are done on the new runway and the existing runway 15R/33L while runway 15L/33R is mostly used for cargo flights for its proximity with the cargo terminals. 

Although the runways are labelled 33 and 34, all three runways have the same heading. 

Once Phase 4 construction is complete, the airport will have 4 parallel runways, two of them 3,750 meters long and the other two 4,000 meters long. All runways are equipped with ILS CAT IIIb at both sides allowing for operation in visibility conditions as low as 50 meters. As of the date of upgrade, Incheon International Airport was the only airport in Asia to have full ILS CAT IIIb capability. The runway lightings at Incheon International Airport (as well as the taxi lights) are tied into special computers at the control tower. Air Traffic Controllers can provide progressive taxiing to an aircraft by setting the computer to manipulate the taxi and runway lights so that it will lead them to their designated gate or parking stand.

Airlines and destinations

There are currently over 90 airlines serving ICN. The largest carrier in terms of passenger numbers is Korean Air, followed by Asiana Airlines. Although all domestic flights depart from the main terminal, international gates are separated from the domestic gates. 

Incheon has more Chinese destinations than Hong Kong International Airport and more Japanese destinations than Narita International Airport.

Cargo Terminal Complex[edit]

The Cargo Terminal Complex comprises six cargo terminals, five separate warehouses, All E/F Class 36 parking stands, and administration offices. Each cargo terminal is designed to provide each carrier with unique services, and a cargo warehouse – approximately 3,500 square metres (38,000 sq ft). They are separated into three areas, import, passing and export. Using the systems, managers can view individual package information, tracking information, storage information, etc. in real time. The terminals also feature various other high-tech technologies.

The Cargo Terminal Complex was designed to be able to process 1.7 million tons of cargo per year. However, due to the increased demands, the operators of Cargo A Terminal and Cargo B Terminal has opted to expand their facilities onto the land that is available nearby. As a result, the total processing ability of the complex is currently rated at 3.8 million tons per year. The C Terminal, was not able to expand however, due to the lack of direct airside access. Once Phase II expansion is complete, the airport will have a processing ability of around 4.9 million metric tons per year. This is because the expansion which was originally designed to allow an expansion to 4.5 million tons per year would be adding on top of the current processing ability, which includes the expansions by Korean Air Cargo and Asiana Cargo which was conducted separately on a piece of land that did not conflict with the airport expansion plans.

The Cargo Terminal Complex operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, nonstop. In addition, the automation systems had been upgraded. As a result, it is typical for the airport to output an extra 2 million tons per year processing capability than the original design.

Nonfiction » Career Guides » Transportation

By Shekhar Gupta
Rating: Not yet rated.
Published: July 13, 2013
Words: 26,240 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301650040

AEA AEROSPACE GROUP

Aeronautical Engineers Australia (AEA) is an Australian aeronautical engineering consultancy and aircraft technical service provider. It is the largest civil aircraft design organisation in the Asia Pacific region and is now headquartered in Adelaide.

It is a world leader in aeronautical design and engineering service with over 25 years' experience in the provision of aviation solutions utilising our certification, design, development, modification, and integration expertise. AEA has specialist experience in a wide range of areas for both fixed and rotary wing aircraft and has undertaken projects including hardened cockpit doors, crashworthiness upgrades, gross weight increases and life extension programs. AEA has a successful track record in exceeding our clients and stakeholders needs. Our ability to develop and deliver on schedule tailored solutions has earned us a reputation with customers as a premier supplier of products and services.

AEA and its sister company Airline Technical Services (ATS) are part of the Nova Group of companies.

It is founded in 1978 and it s headquaters is in Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia. As of now they have 45 + employees. The products of AEA are Aeronautical Engineering Services, Aircraft Weight Control, Flammability Testing, Flight Testing, Systems Integration, Project Management

Airline Technical Services is AEA's subsidary company.

Services

AEA provides a variety of services to the general aviation industry, including the design and certification of aircraft modifications, repairs and testing of aircraft components, aircraft weight control (aircraft reweighs, trimsheets and loading systems) in accordance with Civil Aviation Order 100.7 (CAO 100.7), design and manufacture of aircraft components (such as cargo nets, replacement parts, survey installations, equipment frames, skis, etc.) under a Production Certificate and Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Part 21 (CASR 21), flammability testing to FAR/JAR25.853 and similar provisions, systems integration, flight and performance testing, aircraft design, aeronautical consultancy, civil/military platform design etc.

Additionally Airline Technical Services was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of AEA to provide speciality services to the airline sector, and Swannell Racing now provides roll cage homologation services to the local racing industry.

CASA 212-400 with AEA designed skis

Dornier 328 with AEA Inflight Opening Door

Grumman Turbo Mallard

Explorer 500T

Major projects-

CASA 212 Skiplane for Skytraders

Fokker 50 Hardened Cockpit Door for Skywest and Alliance Airlines

Dornier 328 Inflight Opening Door for AeroRescue

Grumman G-73 Turbo Mallard Conversion for Paspaley Pearling

Pilatus PC-12 Aeromedical Conversion for the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia

Cessna 441 Life Extension Program for TAE

1. MAVERICK

The Maverick is an unlimited category aerobatic sports aircraft was designed entirely in-house at Aeronautical Engineers Australia led by Graham Swannell and Geoff Danes. The Maverick construction uses an advanced carbon & glass fibre wet layup composite system to give a cost and build time lower than most homebuilt aircraft. It has good cross country capability with a cruise speed of over 160kts and has an inverted oil and fuel system for 3 minutes of inverted flight.

Only one aircraft has been built with its first flight in December 1987 and has since appeared in many airshows around Australia.

2. EXPLORER

The Explorer is a high-performance but rugged utility aircraft that can perform a wide variety of roles at a lower cost than other equivalent aircraft. It was developed to cope with the harsh Australian conditions and unprepared dirt strips but still deliver a 180kt cruise, almost 1000 nm range and economical performance. The aircraft utilises the latest in aerofoil design, a carbon fibre fuselage shell, a unique retractable undercarriage, flat cabin floor, and a newly devised construction method that minimises construction and assembly time. The aircraft was initially developed as the 350R but now incorporates the 500T turbine variant and the stretched 750T. AEA conceived, designed and developed the Explorer and started Explorer Aircraft Australia Pty Ltd to develop and market the family of aircraft. As the Explorer project grew, this role was passed onto Explorer Aircraft Inc. which is now located in Houston, Texas.

3. EAGLE

The Eagle 150 is a basic two-seat trainer and light touring aircraft developed in Australia. It has a unique stagger-wing layout and all-composite construction. AEA conducted all the engineering work required for certification to JAR-VLA and managed both the structural test program and the flight test program, all of which resulted in the aircraft's being granted a Type Certificate by CASA in September 1993. Eagle Aircraft was established to manufacture and market the aircraft in Australia and in 1999 moved its production facility to Malaysia.

4. DORNIER IN-FLIGHT OPENING DOOR

The original door was removed and the geometry mapped using laser scanning techniques to develop a 3D solid model of the door surrounds. The new inflight opening door was designed and built by AEA under our APMA and the complete kit installed on the aircraft in under 18 months.

As part of the project, an ergonomics review was conducted and consequently anchor points and hand holds installed to ensure that the equipment despatchers can perform their job easily and safely. Finally the system was fully integrated into the aircraft warning system to ensure that pilot situational awareness is maintained at all times.

5. C441 LIFE EXTENSION 

AEA Aerospace team provided the professional engineering experience and expertise to deliver a life extension of 17500hrs for the Cessna 441. The work involved, detailed damage tolerance / crack growth analysis required to enable life greater than safe life calculated 'Safe-life' estimate. In this project we delivered a life extension program successfully, keeping a well-established platform in the Air.

6. CT-4B CRASHWORTHINESS

"The successful completion of the testing will now see BAE Systems and AEA work with the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) to achieve a supplemental type certificate for the CT-4B to meet FAR Part 23 crash protection requirements."

In support of BAE Systems for the successful completion of modifications developed for the CT-4B Air trainers, which included a new seat design providing superior absorption of greater dynamic loads to meet upgraded crashworthiness requirements. They were developed in partnership with dynamic testing of the new seat taking place at the Autoliv Australia Test Centre in Victoria.

Pilot’s Career Guide

Nonfiction » Career Guides » Education
Nonfiction » Career Guides » Transportation

By Shekhar Gupta
Rating: Not yet rated. 
Published: July 13, 2013 
Words: 26,240 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301650040

Short description

International Airline Pilot’s Career Guide Learn Step By Step How to Become an International Airlines Pilot By Shekhar Gupta Niriha Khajanchi 

The 2013 World Airport Awards ceremony was held at Passenger Terminal EXPO in Geneva

The 2013 World Airport Awards ceremony was held at Passenger Terminal EXPO in Geneva. It is the the worlds leading airport terminal conference and exhibition, and the perfect platform for Skytrax to honour the world's best airports.

As per the ranking by Skytrax top 10 best airports worldwide in 2013 are:

1. Singapore Changi Airport

2. Incheon International Airport

3. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport

4. Hong Kong International Airport

5. Beijing Capital International Airport

6. Munich Airport

7. Zurich Airport

8. Vancouver International Airport

9. Haneda Airport

10. London Heathrow Airport

These awards are voted for by airport customers from around the world and this year the survey garnered 12.1 million responses.

1) Singapore Changi Airport

For Changi, it was a triple success. Securing the Airport of the Year accolade, it picked up the awards for Best Airport in Asia and the Best Airport for Leisure Amenities. This is the fourth time Changi airport has achieved the top prize - last claiming victory back in 2010. According to the airport's website, it is a major air hub in Asia, serving more than 100 international airlines flying to some 220 cities in about 60 countries and territories worldwide.

2) Incheon International Airport

Voted for by air travellers across the globe, Incheon International Airport has won the top award, twice. This year however, it slipped to the second slot. Said to be South Korea's largest airport, Incheon is also one of the world's busiest.

3) Amsterdam Schiphol Airport

For the first time in 6 years, there was a change to the top-3 global airlines with Amsterdam Schiphol Airport accomplishing a third place finish in the survey. Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands' main international airport. Over the last 30 years, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport has won many global airport awards in various categories, from both airline and passenger organizations.

4) Hong Kong International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport is a two-terminal and two-runway facility. According to the airport's website, in 2012, 56.5 million passengers used HKIA and 4.03 million tonnes of air cargo passed through Hong Kong.

5) Beijing Capital International Airport

Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA), is also called "China Gateway". It is among the largest, and busiest international aviation hubs in the world.

6) Munich Airport

Munich Airport is one of Germany's most renowned airports. The airport is a shopping, business and recreation hub.

7) Zurich Airport

Zurich Airport is a major airport in Switzerland. According to the airport's website, 1,998,413 passengers were handled at Zurich Airport during March 2013, a gain of 1.6% versus March 2012.

8) Vancouver International Airport

Today, 62 airlines serve Vancouver International Airport, connecting people and businesses to 99 destinations in Canada, the US and around the world. According to its website, Canada's second busiest airport, Vancouver International Airport welcomed 17.6 million people in 2012, facilitated more than 296,000 aircraft take-offs and landings and handled 228,000 tonnes of cargo. 

9) Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)

One of Tokyo's primary airports, the Tokyo International Airport boasts of restaurants, shops and duty-free shops.

10) London Heathrow Airport

Heathrow Airport achieved its best ever result entering the top-10 airports for the first time and also scooping the awards for World's Best Airport Terminal for Terminal 5 and for the third year running the prize for Best Airport Shopping. Since 1955 Heathrow has been connecting people from around the globe, making it one of the world's busiest international airport. The airport's various Terminals are curently bein upgraded to offer better facilities. The airport's new Terminal 2 will open in 2014.

Niriha Khajanchi 

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Yakovlev Yak-18T

                                   


The Yakovlev Yak-18T is a four seat fully aerobatic utility aircraft. Introduced to train Aeroflot pilots, it has gained some popularity as a sportplane both inside and outside the former USSR. It is powered by a 268-298 kW (360-400 hp) Vedeneyev M14P radial engine, and is designed for stresses of +6.48/-3.24 g.
The 18T was designed in the late 60's, as a civilian aircraft. The aircraft has a nosewheel, is a 4 (or 5) seater, and has a 9-cylinder 360 hp radial. The Yak-18T shares systems with the Yak-50/52 family. These aircraft all have the 265 kW (355 hp) Vedneyev M14 nine cylinder radial engine as well as the same underlying compressed-air system for engine starting, brakes, undercarriage and flaps. 
The propeller, avionics and other parts are also shared. The Yak-18T, like all Russian aircraft used for training, is aerobatic.Compared with other four-seat light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 or the Piper PA-28, the Yak-18T is only a little wider and longer but it is much heavier and is equipped with a considerably more powerful engine. The Yak-18T prototype had its first flight in mid-1967 and subsequently the type was placed in series production in Smolensk.
The Yak-18T went on to become the standard basic trainer with Aeroflot flight schools, while small numbers also entered service with the Soviet Air Force as liaison and communications aircraft. After approximately 700 were built, many for Aeroflot, production ceased in the late 1980s, to be resumed in 1993.At 271/2 feet long and 361/2 feet span, the Yak is nearly four feet longer and a foot wider than a Piper Warrior, yet conveys an impression of much greater bulk. From most angles an attractive, if somewhat dated design, it stands tall on its undercarriage, towering above pilot and passengers. A high, sturdy step on each inner-wing trailing edge provides access to the cabin.
The walk-around reveals traditional construction methods, riveted alloy panels forming the main structure. The rudder, double-braced tailplane and elevator are fabric covered, with a large, powerful anti-collision light atop the fin and just a single aerial breaking the lines of the main fuselage. The split elevator has an adjustable trim-tab on each side, while the rudder carries only a fixed tab. I would have expected such a powerful beast to have an adjustable device on the rudder, as I later discovered, it would be beneficial.The wing centre-section is of metal construction and carries both an oil radiator in the starboard wing-root and a large metal single-position plain flap-cum airbrake across its span, plus the inward-retracting main gear legs. Just forward of the starboard leg is an access hatch secured by three Camlock fasteners. Releasing these causes a hinged tray carrying the aircraft battery to drop down, until arrested by two cables. Just two catches release the battery from the tray for 
service, charging or replacement: obviously a military specification, and a considerable improvement on access over just about every other civilian tourer I have yet encountered. There is an external power connector behind a small access door near the port wing-root.The wing dihedral starts at the break point just outboard of the main undercarriage. The outer wing panels are fabric-covered and can be removed, leaving the aircraft standing on its wheels for ease of servicing. The port wing carries a long barber's-pole-striped pitot tube, the stall warning vane, and a large-diameter landing light. The Frieze ailerons are also fabric-covered, while tie-down rings are provided near each wingtip. Each wing contains a 95 litre (21 imperial gallon) fuel tank, of which four litres are unusable.On each of the three gear legs is a small, forward-facing white light, about an inch in diameter. These are provided as an indicator for the benefit of the quaintly-named 'flight dispatcher', who can see immediately 
if a night-flying student pilot has remembered to select undercarriage down before giving him landing clearance. (Don't think it will catch on over here, though). In addition to the cockpit undercarriage-position indicator, three small mechanical plungers protrude, one from the top surface of each wing and one just in front of the windscreen, to act as a belt-and-braces method of checking the undercarriage position. The two main wheels seem relatively thin (5.00 x 500) for what is touted as a rough-field aircraft. Long anti-static wicks trail from each main wheel assembly.The civilian 18T conveys its military heritage from the first glance inside the spacious cockpit. Each door is individually jettisonable via a prominent red handle below the panel. The aircraft can be flown with both doors removed for aerial photography or other work. The fore-and-aft adjustable front seats are fairly Spartan affairs, consisting of exposed tubes partially covered in grey cloth and a blue cushion, though they are
acceptably comfortable in use. From the top tube of each seat unroll two shoulder straps, with a release cable routing down to a locking handle on the lower inner frame. The four-point harness seemed a bit fiddly initially, but no doubt practice makes perfect. Neither a central fifth g-strap not second aerobatic security strap is provided. The hinged rudder pedals are simple, sturdy affairs with leather stirrups, but no brake pedals. The pedal assemblies are adjustable.Rear passengers have a wide bench seat behind which, taking up much of the baggage compartment, sits a large yellow-painted auxiliary fuel tank. This holds 95 litres which drain automatically into the wing-tanks. Future models will do away with this intrusion, as the wings will be modified to hold a total of 330 litres (73 imperial gallons).The cockpit trim and rear seat materials, colour and finish standards are reminiscent of an early 1960s aeroplane, i.e. slightly plasticky and with an almost home-made look, but durable nonetheless. 
The rear side windows boast sliding curtains, which are also fitted above the two front seats. Two smoked plastic sun visors hinge down from the top of the screens, adding to the 1960s impression. (Who said nostalgia ain't what it used to be?).The panel top roll is a stitched black leather affair, under which are a row of cylindrical lights, part of the triple panel lighting circuits. On top, a pull-cord arrangement unrolls a miniature window-blind in front of the pilot's screen to facilitate IMC training. A special fitment holds the cord-end ball in the extended position. The front windows are a collection four flat panels, with no attempt at curvature, looking at first glance like those on Concorde when its nose is drooped. The outer pair are angled at forty-five degrees and have their lower halves hinged to provide a clear vision panel. The Yak is also the first light aircraft I have flown which is equipped with a two-speed, self-parking windscreen wiper (but no washers!).The panel is a large 
grey expanse of metal with ample space for even the biggest instruments. Unlike Western layouts, it is dominated centre-stage by a huge electrically-driven and non-toppling artificial horizon. There are two long rows of switches, one under each yoke. Their functions, plus the instrument markings, are shown in orthodox Roman characters where possible (though Cyrillic letters are used if no equivalent exists, as with the ADF switch). Most flight instruments such as the ASI, VSI and altimeter are calibrated in metric units; UK certification rules will doubtless want these changed to more familiar imperial gauges on future examples.The 18T as tested is equipped with a gyro-magnetic compass that is not only adjustable for north or south hemispheres, but also individual latitudes within either one. Space precludes the fullest description of all the unusual instruments and gauges, but suffice to say that the operation of some is so simple you wonder why other designs haven't got the same thing, while others 
appear so needlessly complicated (to Western flyers) that it will take careful study of the extremely detailed flight manual to understand their operation and function.In the former category, for example, is the single fuel gauge and its associated selector switch. Ordinarily, it shows the total number of litres in both tanks on the outer scale. Select either tank on the switch, and the contents of that tank reads on the inner scale. Only after the auxiliary fuselage tank has drained automatically into the wing tanks does the total begin to reduce from maximum. The fuel is controlled by a prominent red T-handle on the panel left of the quadrant. Push for On, pull for Off - very simple, very safe. Likewise the combined single ammeter/voltmeter. Press its switch for amps, release for volts.On the other hand, for some reason each yoke sports two PTT buttons, one on each horn. The left-hand one opens the air-ground transmission circuit while the right-hand one activates the cockpit intercom. 
Not only does this encourage two hands on the yoke (not recognised as good piloting practice), but it requires the pilot to remove his hand from the throttle to talk to his companion. While just about acceptable in normal operation, during the photo-formating it proved to be a real pain.The pneumatically-operated brakes work through a pull-handle on the back of each yoke. The P2 position has an override button to allow an instructor to release the brakes if he feels they are being used too enthusiastically by the student. The park brake consists of a further small button under the yoke. Pull the lever, press the button and the Yak is arrested. In common with many military-originated aircraft, the 18T has no nose-wheel steering. To initiate a turn on the ground requires differential braking by pressing the appropriate rudder pedal, then squeezing the brake lever.The pitch trimmer is a small handle not unlike a window-winder, set on the left-hand cockpit wall. It is low-geared, taking five turns 
from full aft to full nose-down trim. No position indicator is provided other than a light, one of an array of six on the panel, which indicates neutral trim. Once out of neutral the light is extinguished. If the light is out when commencing the starting procedure, you have to wind the handle to establish the neutral datum before setting the desired trim. Other annunciation lights in the same block show Fuel low, Gen. fail, while further along the panel is a set of just two red lights. These augment the stall warner by flashing Slow and Stall as the aircraft approaches the stalling speed.

DIMENSION:-->

Length  :  27 ft 6 in

Height  :  11 ft 2 in

Wing span: 36 ft 7 in

Area     : 202.36 sq. ft



Weights and loadings:-->

Max auw (utility)         : 3,637 lb
(aerobatic)               :3,307 lb

Empty weight              :2,683 lb

Useful load (utility)     :954 lb

(aerobatic)               :624 lb

Fuel capacity(as tested)  :62,7 imp gall

Wing loading (utility)    :17.97 lb/sq ft

(aerobatic)               :16.34 lb/sq ft

Power loading (utility)   :10.10 lb/hp

(aerobatic)               : 9.18 lb/hp



PERFORMANCE-->

Cruise @ 59% crank speed 110 kt#Max speed in level flight  156 kt

Vne                                    :161 kt

Stall (clean)                          :64 kt

(with flaps and gear)                  :55 kt

Take-off roll (firm grass)             :370 m

Landing roll (firm grass)              :390 m

Take-off (firm grass, to 50 ft)        :690 m

Landing (firm grass, from 50 ft)        :790 m

Range (as tested, with reserves)        :485 nm

Rate of climb at s/l                    :1,082 ft/min

Service ceiling                         :18,000 ft



Engine :- Vedeneyev M-14P supercharged single-row air-cooled nine-cylinder radial producing 360 hp at 99 per cent crankshaft speed (2,900 rpm). UK TBO: to be determined. Propeller: B530TA-A35 constant speed, two-bladed, wood, 94.5 inches diameter.

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